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What is Dogma about?
Go check out Dogma : Rumor Control for everything you always wanted to know about Dogma.

When did filming take place?
Filming took place in the Spring of 1998 from approximately March to June.

Who will be featured on the Special Edition DVD's commentary track?
Kevin, Scott Mosier, Ben Affleck, Jason Lee, Jason Mewes, and Vincent Pereria

Where was it filmed?
Dogma was originally set to film in Toronto. However, the schedule was pushed back often enough that the weather would be too cold in Toronto. Next came Memphis, Tennessee, but that fell through. Finally, Pittburgh was decided. It is set - but was *NOT* filmed in - Chicago and other towns along the way between Chicago and New Jersey.

Wasn't it supposed to come after Clerks?
It *is* after Clerks. Seriously though, a studio wanted Kevin to make Mallrats and gave him around $6.1 million to do it. After that, he wanted to finish the trilogy with Chasing Amy.

What happened between Miramax and Disney?
Miramax was the company that was supposed to release the film, but problems arose due to the fact that Miramax is a Disney-owned company. In an effort to avert the controversy that was starting to brew care of William Donohue and the Catholic League, the Weinstein’s purchased Dogma from Miramax (and thus Disney) for somewhere between $10-14 million and set out to sell it to another company, which ended up being Lion’s Gate Films.

Why did the Catholic League care so much about the film?
Depends on who you ask. William Donohue (head of the Catholic League) claims that the movie is anti-Catholic, although he made all these claims before ever seeing the flick. He judged it based on the third draft of the flick that has been available at various sites around the net. The really interesting part of the story is that the Catholic League continued to attack Disney after they had nothing to do with the film, which would indicate that the "protest" had more to do with publicity than anything else.

Did William Donohue ever see the film?
Maybe… maybe not. He did get in touch with the View Askew offices with a request to see the film a few weeks before it opened (which was a full 6 months after he began speaking out against it). The said: "Dr. Donohue requests a special screening of Dogma so that he can speak about it intelligently." Kevin’s response was: "So what has he been doing the past six months?"

Is it true Kevin received death threats?
Most of the threats were actually aimed at the Weinsteins, but there were certainly threats sent. Many of them dealt with anti-semitic messages and talked about things like the "Jewish conspiracy," although one of them did mention the need for "flak jackets."

What was the inspiration for Dogma?
Kevin Smith : "I think it came from a lot of places, and one was of course my having been raised and still being a practicing Catholic. The other was comic books, which I think shows in the movie. There's no discussion of comic books like there was in the other movies, and there's no comic books in evidence, but the movie plays like a graphic novel and also some of the stronger comedic works of faith that people like Geoge Carlin and Sam Kinison have done in their routines."

Is it true Kevin wrote the script for Dogma around the same time as Clerks?
Yes it is. He originally planned to film Dogma second, immediately after Clerks, but it was decided that Dogma was too good a movie to be wasted on a follow-up effort that would most likely receive critical bashing when compared to Clerks. So, Mallrats came second, but then Kevin got the idea for Chasing Amy, so Dogma got pushed back.

How many drafts of Dogma did Kevin write?
In the end, there were around seven drafts for the movie.

Will we ever be able to read any of the other drafts?
Well, the third draft of the script can be found on various online script sites. The final draft, including many of the scenes that were filmed but got cut, is available to buy in book form. Other than that, the rights to the script belong to someone else and there fore Kevin cannot legally make them available, although there was a rumor at one time that the very first draft of the film was to be included on the Special Edition DVD this year. It does not currently look like this will happen, but you never know.

Is it true that Kevin asked Robert Rodriguez to direct the movie?
During a momentary lack of faith in his visual directing abilities, Kevin did indeed ask Rodriguez to direct. Fortunately, not only did Rodriguez decline, but he helped convince Kevin that he was the best man for the job.

I heard that the role of "Loki" was originally written for Jason Lee. Is that true?
Yes it is. However, due to other commitments, Jason had to turn down the role. Matt Damon came on board at that point. The filming of Dogma then got delayed and Jason was able to come onboard again, only this time he took the role of Azrael. Also, Emma Thompson was originally cast as "God," and Samuel L. Jackson was considered for the part of "Rufus" at one point. The part of "Bethany" was originally written for Joey Lauren Adams. Kevin also asked another person to play the role of Bethany at one point… Alanis Morrisette.

Why Alanis Morrisette as "God?"
It was just fortuitous timing really. Kevin had asked her to play Bethany at one point, but Alanis said no due to time constraints. As Kevin and crew were heading to Pittsburgh in early 1998 for rehearsals, Alanis called and asked if there was anything left to play. Since Kevin always wanted her involved, it worked out perfectly.

Why was Loki's Star Wars religious dialogue on the train cut? Time constraints?
This was in the Cannes version of the film, and quite frankly it just didn't play- it wasn't cut for time, just because nobody really responded to it.

In Dogma you can hear the DJ's on the radio talking about New Zoo Review. I asked a few weeks back about this in Chasing Amy. I was shocked to see it was planned in Dogma also. Was it the same line or just talking about the Zoo again?
Kevin says: "We used the same audio. "You Dropped the Bomb on Me" was originally in there, but it was too expensive. The Beastie Boys "Shake Your Rump" was also originally over the Jay driving shot, but they didn't allow us to use it. Well actually, Mike D and King Ad-Rock signed off on it, I was told, but MCA (Adam Yauch, I believe?) did not (to be fair, only Mike D saw the flick). It was a little disappointing, to say the least. I do so love that song."

As Silent Bob throws Bartleby off the train, Bartleby yells something. I can’t quite make out what he is saying. What is it?
Kevin : "Long story. Buckle in. Ready? We were working on 'Chasing Amy', and our old office on Broad St. was the production headquarters. Affleck - not being a mega-star in them thar days - would spend time off from the flick around the office, as there is little else to do in Red Bank besides make movies. One day, he noticed the German theatrical release poster for 'Clerks', and immediately insisted that we made it ourselves; that there was no way the flick traveled overseas, as it was a piece of Americana-laced horseshit (that's how an Affleck affectionately teases; at least, I'm pretty sure he was teasing...). Anyhoo, I countered by saying that 'Clerks' did play Das Fatherland, and that it'd gone over pretty well - so well, in fact, that they'd even sent us a poster and some lobby cards. He asked if they'd translated the flick or subtitled it, and I said when Scott and I watched it at the Munich Film Fest, it played in English with no subtitles, and folks laughed in the right places. I boasted (jokingly) that Germans were inundating me following the screening, touching my coat, whispering in awe "Schueller Bob!" He found that very funny, and from time to time, he, himself, would call me "Schueller Bob." He thought - as it was the implication, though I don't know German really - that 'schueller' meant 'silent'.

Years pass, and we're shooting the train scene in 'Dogma'. My hands grab Ben, he's supposed to turn and make a shocked utterance, and I pull him out of the shot. On the second or third take, he said "SCHUELLER BOB?!?" Me, him, and Mosier cracked up hysterically. He begged me to leave it in. I told him "Three people are going to get it." He said "No - it's more than that. It's back story." He then went on to explain that since Bartleby's been walking the earth since the plagues, he's come across many incarnations of Silent Bob - all of which had, in one way or another, thwarted Bartleby's plans (nevermind that Bartleby was always pretty straight-laced; Affleck never much cares for any backstory that he doesn't make up himself). And since the original angelic tongue was Germanic (Affleck's theory, based on nothing other than it suited his present hypothesis), Bartleby utters "Schueller Bob," when Bob grabs him in the fight, because in the heat of battle, Bartleby finally sees clearly the face of his immortal enemy through time.

Since he worked so hard on all that in such a short amount of time (about ten seconds or less), I said we'd do another take where he'd repeat "Schueller Bob," this time with no character break (we'd laughed aloud when he first said it). So to follow through, when I throw him off the train, he yells "I'll get you for this, Schueller Bob!!!"

It was a throwaway gag that only three people were very amused by. Now, you guys are let in on the joke.

Granted, it's not a very funny joke. It's just pretty much classic Affleck rationale in action. It's why I love the guy, and why those two flicks ('Amy' and 'Dogma') are marginally more precious to me than the other two: because for me, they'll always be the ones where Affleck shined the brightest - both on camera and off."

What in the world do the buttons say on Damon and Affleck's coats?
To wit, Affleck is wearing no button or pin. Matty's was a pin depicting Saint Michael the Archangel defeating Satan.

During your set updates you talked about a great ad-lib by Chris Rock. The title of the post was "Make a basket." Was that the ad-lib? Where would it have been?
Vincent says: It was during the first (post-strip dance) Serendipity scene- Serendipity originally had this long diatribe when Rock questions her about why she's a stripper and she says she was "trying to create something artistic to call my own" to which Rock replied, "Make a basket."

I heard a rumor that Kevin actually went and hung out with some of the protestors on opening night. Did he really do that?
Yes he did. Here’s Kevin describing that night: "I'd read about a potential protest of 500 people outside our local theatre in Eatontown. In an effort to better understand these folks, I decided to hang out with them. However, not wanting to seem disruptive, I drafted a few signs to carry ('To Hell With Dogma' and the slightly more amusing - though not that original I discovered when I hit the board late last night - 'Dogma is Dog-Shit'). Jen, Bryan and I headed over to the theatre to see what the climate was outside (beyond the 40 degree temperature).

The 500 weren't in evidence. The head count (including us) was twenty. We held our signs and quietly prayed the Rosary with the group for about an hour (well, I prayed the rosary; Jen and Bryan are relative heathens when it comes to the Mysteries and the Memorare'). I was even interviewed by a local newscrew, not as myself, during which I maintained that I was mad about the movie, and that I would not patronize it (although I couldn't help but mention that I liked the director's first film a little). A woman told me my sign wasn't appropriate (the 'Dog-Shit' one), and I apologized, offering that the movie wasn't appropriate, from what I'd been told. We agreed that it'd be better if I removed the offending word, so I did as much, rendering my sign a neutered 'Dogma is Dog'.

After the Rosary I got a chance to talk to some of the people in attendance (again, not wanting to ruin their night, I didn't say "Hi - I made 'Dogma'.") They told me that they were disappointed in the showing, but were glad to see someone young there (the average age of the group, excluding our trio, was about sixty). I was told some nasty things about my parents, and some nastier things about myself (or rather, the director). Jen - who's much more disturbed by these goings-on - asked if anyone had actually seen the film. Some mentioned reading a review, but that was about as close as they got.

In all fairness, these were nice, decent people who don't like what they heard about the flick. In truth, if they did see the movie, it wouldn't alter their opinion. I didn't feel negative toward them in the least (in fact, I admired the fact that they were outside in the cold, too far from the theatre to really be effective, but willing to take a stand regardless). At the end of the day, we're not that different - we two groups of Catholics. They just have a different set of values from me, and a lot more reverence for the Church itself than for the words of our Lord.

They seemed nice enough, though. However, I'd be lying if I said I wasn't disappointed that they didn't have any donuts or coffee out there.

Point is, I didn't get in their face or flame them - as the Catholic League enthusiast in our midst seems to think is appropriate. That would be like an atheist going into church and yelling contrarian sentiments at the priest mid-Mass. I'll never understand the folks who can't simply dislike something (as Christians, we're not supposed to hate), and feel the need to go to a place where folks who DO like something (and aren't hurting anyone in the process) congregate, and get up in their face about feeling the opposite. If I don't like something, I pay little or no attention to it, or just flat-out ignore it (unless it was something like rape or murder; as much as I loathe rapists and murderers, if I ran into one - mid-act - I couldn't simply ignore them or their evil acts; I'd kill myself trying to stop them).

But that's what these people outside the theatre equate with what they perceive to be Catholic-bashing: rape or murder. To them, a perceived attack on their faith is tantamount to physical harm on someone. And while that's a little screwy in opinion (because, let's be honest - God is a lot stronger than these people let on, and faith is a concept, not a human life), I can't knock them for it. Like I said - their values are just different than mine.

However, that doesn't make me wrong and them right, or vice versa. It just makes us different, and we take different "approaches toward the same thing: Heaven.

Way back towards the end of filming, Kevin mentioned that he had an "epiphany" about the ending of the film, which caused him to rethink the end. What was it?
Vincent says: The whole bit with God "cleaning up" the street- that wasn't in the script.

Was the "Fat Albert" scene ever filmed? How about the "Hosties" commercial which was in the third draft?
The "Fat Albert" scene was indeed filmed and will most likely show up on the DVD. Unfortunately, the "Hosties" commercial was never filmed.

Who's Ron and why does Loki sing "Who's house? Ron's house" after shooting the man on the bus?
It's not Ron, it's Run. As in Run DMC. The song he sings is actually a song buy Run DMC called "Run's House," and it can be heard in Chasing Amy. It's a little nod to that.

Was the "Mooby boardroom" scene supposed to be a jab back at Disney for dropping the flick?
No. Kevin says: "As for my speculation that Disney dropped the film over the 'Mooby' scene, as discussed in 'Entertainment Weekly': that made me laugh. I was joking about that at the Rider appearance, and it wound up in the magazine. Believe me - that scene had no bearing on why we were cut loose. In fact, I just got a fax from Mister Michael Eisner himself, which was a copy of that article, and a quick note that said "Kevin - I thought that scene was funny!"

One of my friends said he saw Dogma before the official release date on November 12, 1999. How is that possible?
Any number of ways actually. Dogma had several test screenings in the spring of 1999. Two in Philadelphia and at least one in both New York and Los Angeles. Then there were the two screenings of the movie that occurred at the Cannes Film Festival. There were two separate screenings of the film at the Toronto Film Festival and the official United States premiere, which occurred at the New York Film Festival. If that is not enough, a View Askew Web Board screening occurred a few weeks before the release and there were many colleges across the country which showed sneak peeks during the week preceding the 12th.

Since Kevin puts a Jaws reference in every single one of his movies, where is the reference in Dogma? Did I just miss it?
No, you didn’t miss it. It got cut during the editing process.

Is the name of the bus company (Derris) a reference to Rick Derris from Clerks?
Yes it is. In fact, there are numerous "Easter eggs" that can be found in almost all of Kevin’s movies/comics. Why not head over to this website: www.angelfire.com/sys/popup_source.shtml?Category= and check them out.

After Jay shoots off Bartleby’s wings, Bartleby is human. Therefore, if Jay just shoots him and kills him, Bartleby won’t be able to go through the archway. Why didn’t Jay do that?
The reasoning behind this theory is correct. If they could have shot and killed Bartleby they would have. But they couldn’t do it. Why? "No buh-wets."

What was "God" originally supposed to say when Bethany asks her "Why are we here?"
"God" was originally supposed to say the line, "I have one word for you; just one… plastics." (A Nod to "The Graduate")

When Bethany and Silent Bob run up to the hospital, why are people running out screaming?
In the first cut of the film there was a battle between Silent Bob and the Golgothan inside the hospital. The people running out are responding to the fact that the Golgothan had arrived at the hospital.

How does Bethany get hurt during the hospital scene?
If you look carefully you can see that a burst of light from the "God-husk" seems to tear through her stomach.

If angels can’t drink, how does Bartleby drink with Bethany on the train?
He doesn’t. Even though it never shows him actually drinking, many people assumed that he did. In fact, the script indicates otherwise: "Bethany and Bartleby slump in their booth, the table loaded with empty glasses. Bethany is quite tipsy. Bartleby hasn’t touched his booze."

How did Kevin manage to have all those big stars in the movie and still keep the budget under $10 million?
Well, the actors all worked for what is called scale. Basically, it’s the minimum wage for Hollywood. It translates into $596.00 per day (roughly $3000.00 a week). When you make several million dollars per picture, that’s a pretty hefty pay cut. The reason the actors did it? Various reasons ranging from someone like Chris Rock who really wanted to work with Kevin to Ben Affleck who has said that he would always be in a Kevin Smith movie, no questions asked.

How did Bethany get the wound in the hospital? Is it like stigmata?
Our very own Kim Loughran answered this question like this: "Kind of, but not stigmata. The idea is just that the powerful release of GOD from the human body into a spiritual form acted like a piercing laser light, which ran her through and, well, killed her, like any intestinal gutting would a human being."

Where did the name Bethany Sloan come from?
The name was picked by Kim. It was only after that she learned the derivations of the name and how true to the character they were.

    Bethany = daughter of the Lord (Hebrew)
    Sloan = Warrior (Celtic)

Why do all of the angels wear hoods throughout the movie? Was this on purpose?
Yes it was. The costume designer, Abigail Murray, wanted to evoke the hooded cassocks that are/were traditional garb of the monks since the middle ages. She just updated the look for the modern day. It ended up being sort of a double entendre for those who know Kevin because of his prediliction towards wearing a certain hooded sweatshirt.

What was the gift that was given to the cast and crew at the wrap party?
Well, to go along with the hooded sweatshirt theme, each member of the cast and crew was given a maroon hooded sweatshirt with embroidered angel wings attached to the word "Dogma."

What is the song playing when we first see Serendipity (Salma Hayek) at the strip club?
The name of the song is "Candy Girl" and the band that sang it was New Edition.

So, when God "blew up" Bartleby at the end, did he go to Heaven? What about Loki?
This is a question that has been asked over and over again, but unfortunately there is no definite answer for it. Like so many of Kevin’s movies, the end is left ambiguous so you, the viewer, can decide what you think happened. Some people think that both Bartleby and Loki were forgiven and they went to Heaven, others think they went back to Hell. Some think that they were just negated out of existence. You need to decide what you think happened.

What’s the deal with Linda Fiorentino saying that Kevin’s style of directing didn’t seem to work for her and a couple other actors (specifically she mentioned Alan Rickman)?
Kevin says: "The interesting thing is, I never had to give a line reading to Alan Rickman unless he asked (which was maybe once or twice). Instinctively, the man knew how things should sound. We never had a problem.

Linda, however, would sometimes read a line from another movie altogether, and for the first few days of shooting, her energy didn't match the text nor anyone else's in the cast. It was like she was in a different flick. The Mexican restaurant scene, for example: it was the first thing we shot with Linda, and we have hours of unusable footage shot earlier in the day, when Linda was doing the material in her fashion (much to the dismay of all present). After much quiet fretting and a conversation with Mosier who suggested that we get one chance at all of this, and it's better to speak up and get what I need than to let Linda bust her mopey histrionics for the rest of the shoot, I finally approached Linda and told her to try a completely different approach (which is what you see in the flick).

I like Linda's performance in the flick now, don't get me wrong. But I'd sooner cast Ed Burns in a screenplay written by P.T.A. that I was directing in some alternative universe than work with such an unnecessarily difficult personality like her. We were warned when we started lobbying to cast her (Miramax wanted Gwyneth, who didn't seem all that interested anyway) that Linda was... well, Linda; but we fought for her regardless. And while, as I've said, I don't regret casting her, like Chief Brody said in 'Jaws 2' I never need to go through that hell again.

Honestly, I gave very few line readings on 'Dogma'. Linda was the only person who complained about it because she was pretty much the only recipient."

What were the inspirations for some of the Complex/Mooby Board members and their crimes?
Kevin says: "Reaching veeeeeery far back, the Mooby Corp. was sort of a cross between Disney and Barney (in the earlier drafts, more Barney, though). As the years passed and Barney went the way of the (pardon the expression) dinosaur, the Disney side of the equation became more prominent.

As for their crimes, they were never meant to escalate beyond one another. One guy cheats on his wife, the next guy had an inter-office affair that he ended in a very roundabout and heinous fashion, the next guy disowned his gay son, the next put his mother in a nursing home and sold her house for his own gain, the next guy fucked a male child in Thailand, the next guy cut corners and jeopardized kids with shoddy production materials, the chick did nothing, and the boss did something dirty with his own kid. The sins were all over the map, some far more grievous than others. In Loki's estimation though, all were punishable by death - as that was the M.O. he was used to back in the day - with the exception of Miss Price's lack of sins.

I guess the idea behind the sins was to provide varied examples of utter selfishness. That was their cardinal crime: putting themselves before the greater good of others, and ultimately, raising up a false god (Mooby). It's something we all do more often than we care to admit (although, hopefully, in less atrocious ways), and one of those things that we take for granted as a given in this "Me first!" world inhabit. But for a couple of Old Testamenters like Bartleby and Loki, it wasn't de riguer; it was still a capital offense - thus nailing home the notion that our perspective on what is and isn't acceptable may change, but evil is still evil, whether or not society lets it slide.

A bit heavy-handed, yes. But a fun scene, regardless.

Mosier was always fond of joking about the exec who approved the toxic and unsafe materials and the guy who disowned his gay son, maintaining that their defense would be something along the lines of "Hey, man - I didn't fuck any kids or lead someone to suicide! Cut a brother some slack!"

When did you decide to cut down Dogma from the 2:15 running time to the 2:00 running time that eventually made it into theatres?

I'd say we were pretty much there from Cannes forward. The only big differences between Cannes and what eventually hit the theatres was the Azrael "Evil is an abstract" speech, and the chubbier 'Fat Albert' sequence. Those were the last two to hit the floor, after listening to audiences and some of the very supportive film journalists I'd sat down with after the first press screening. Oddly enough, though, it was John Singleton who was probably the most influential cat in the bunch. I sat in front of him during the midnight screening at the Palais, and he was in hysterics (as opposed to the dour Spike Lee, who sounded about as interested in 'Dogma' as I was in 'Get on The Bus'). I saw him in the airport on the way home and asked him what he thought, as I was looking to get about ten or fifteen minutes out of it. He said he loved all of it except the 'Fat Albert' scene. He maintained that it slowed everything down to almost a dead halt, and that while it was funny to hear them sing the song, it wasn't THAT funny, and hence wasn't worth risking folks tuning out at that point while the film was on such a roll by then. It was sound advice, so from that moment on, we knew 'Fat Albert' was going to be merely a sweet extra on the DVD. "

Is there really a Loki in Christian mythology? What about Bartleby?
Moviefone spoke with Elizabeth Castelli, a professor of Religion at Barnard College to get her insight on Dogma. Here’s a transcript that appeared at their website, as well as the official Dogma web site.

    Moviefone.com: This film is termed a satirical fable on Catholicism. Would you agree with that characterization?

    Elizabeth Castelli: I suppose I would agree with that characterization. I guess I would add "adolescent" as an adjective.

    MF: Did you enjoy the film?

    EC: I thought some of the religious critique was quite clever, and I also thought some of the film was rather cliched in its characterization of Catholicism. There were things I appreciated about the film, such as the critique of capitalism in the portrayal of the worship of "the golden calf." That's in the sequence when the two fallen angels go into the boardroom of Mooby enterprises and challenge the corporation's executives about their immorality and hypocrisy. But there were other elements of the film -- portraying the 13th apostle as a black man or portraying God as a woman -- that were not as "edgy" as they seem to have been intended to be.

    MF: Is there any evidence of a 13th apostle in Catholic scripture?

    EC: The number "12" is certainly an idealized and figurative number when assigned to the apostles. In the different gospels, if you compare the names of the different apostles, they don't completely align. Moreover, in the 16th chapter of Paul's Letter to the Romans, he names a woman (Junia) along with a man named Andronicus and calls them both "notable among the apostles." In addition, some traditions suggest that Mary Magdalene was counted among the apostles. The number "12" is probably used in the tradition to echo the 12 tribes of Israel.

    MF: In the film, Bartleby and Loki are two angels trying to get back into heaven. Are Bartleby and Loki real angels in Catholic tradition?

    EC: No. I've never heard of Bartleby (apart from the Melville character). Loki, however, is the name of a Norse god. He was linked with thunder and lightning and, according to legend, was a troublemaker among the gods.

    MF: Are angels anatomically incorrect?

    EC: I think the writer was playing with the idea that angels do not have gender.

    MF: What about the demon, Azrael?

    EC: There is a character who appears in Jewish apocalyptic literature named Azazel who is a demonic figure, often read as a precursor to the figure of Satan in Christian literature.

    MF: Is there a messenger named Metatron who serves as the voice of God?

    EC: Yes.

    MF: Are muses part of Catholicism?

    EC: No.

    MF: Are there any accounts in Catholic doctrine of God assuming human form to come to earth?

    EC: There is nothing other than the incarnation of Jesus.

    MF: What did you think of the filmmaker's choice to refer to God as "She?"

    EC: The filmmaker was, I imagine, responding to the theological problem that emerges from human beings trying to describe God in personal terms. Ancient cultures, like those that produced the Bible, used metaphors drawn from their own social worlds to describe God's power and other characteristics. From this, we get images of "God the Father" and "God the King," for example. The gender that is associated with these social roles ("father," "king") consequently also got attributed to God. Theologians would argue that this discussion stems from human limitations and from our incapacity to describe God without imposing our own social divisions of gender or, say, race. The film was playing with this problem of human limitation for talking about what is, by definition, infinite and unknowable.

    MF: What did you think of the choice to have Alanis Morissette portray God?

    EC: I thought it was an interesting choice. Morissette's reputation for writing and performing uncompromising songs about the suffering that comes with love will certainly register with many young viewers. I was also reminded of her song, "Forgiven," on her first CD which many people hear as a strong critique of Catholicism -- and wondered if she was chosen ironically by the director to portray God because of this song.

    MF: The apostle in the film suggests that the bible is not accurate and that the authors skew the text. Is this a common thought among theologians?

    EC: From a scholarly point of view, the Bible is a fragmentary record that was written by various religious communities to preserve stories about their shared pasts. Some of the texts in the Bible were also written with the explicit goal of persuading their audiences to accept a particular point of view. Needless to say, the collection of texts in the Bible is a partial picture of the full historical past. The Bible does not include, for example, all of the voices that were heard in the early generations of the church, especially the voices of women. What we have is an edited, filtered version.

    MF: The film indicates that Jesus had brothers and sisters and that Bethany is the distant niece of Jesus Christ. Is there any evidence in scripture that Jesus had an extended family?

    EC: There is a complicated history behind this discussion. In the canonical gospels, there is a passage in which Mary (the mother of Jesus) and Jesus' siblings come looking for him. When he hears that they are outside asking for him, Jesus responds by saying, "Whoever does the will of God is my brother, and sister, and mother." There is nothing in the early tradition to suggest that Jesus did not have brothers and sisters. It is only when the doctrine of Mary's perpetual virginity emerges that this passage, if read literally, becomes a problem. Later interpreters deal with the problem by making different arguments. Among these is the argument that Joseph had been married before and so Jesus' siblings were actually his stepbrothers and stepsisters. But there is no scriptural basis for this claim.

    MF: Do any of the gospels dispute the fact that Mary was a virgin and remained so after the birth of Jesus?

    EC: The gospel of Mark does not mention the birth of Jesus at all, so we must assume that the writer of this gospel knew no tradition of an unusual birth. The gospels of Matthew and Luke handle the scandal of the unwed Mary's pregnancy in different ways. It is unclear from the texts themselves what meanings they attribute to Mary's virginity. Certainly neither text claims Mary remained a virgin forever. The earliest reference to Mary continuing to be a virgin may be found in an apocryphal gospel from the middle of the 2nd or the early part of the 3rd century called The Protoevangelium of James. This text, which was not included in the Bible, contends that Mary remained a virgin after the birth of Jesus. Church fathers in the 3rd and 4th centuries argued over the point, and it wasn't until the 5th century that this became orthodox teaching.

    MF: The film suggests that the Vatican is hiding information. Is this a common belief?

    EC: The United States has a long history of anti-Catholicism, and a dimension of this prejudice includes a fear of Vatican secrecy. I believe this fear has to do with the fact that, indeed, the Catholic Church's structures of authority and hierarchy do not align with American democratic values. As the bishops and cardinals remind us constantly, the church is not a democratic institution. Consequently, there will be those who view the church hierarchy as a secretive, even conspiratorial structure. But I think this sort of fear exists around other forms of institutional authority as well, including the U.S. government. When I teach about Catholicism, I try to stress that the institutional church is only one aspect of what it means to be Catholic and that the idealized monolith of the church is belied by the wide and vibrant diversity of Catholics themselves.

    MF: What do you think the film says about the current state of Catholicism?

    EC: I thought the film ultimately had a fairly conservative religious message that was conveyed at the end of the film when God appeared and tidily restored everything, effectively erasing all the damage and bloodshed enacted by God's creation (both humans and angels). And the miraculous pregnancy bestowed upon the sterile abortion clinic worker that ends the film also struck me as a rather conservative, utopian message. It seemed to be a plea for a certain kind of religiosity or piety that leaves human agency out of the picture.